English Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Property Law - Essay Example Licensed innovation is likewise vital to property law. One reason for the declaration of the law is the need to make qualification between genuine property and individual property (Worthington 2000 92). Obviously, one of the most significant objectives of those that proclaimed the law is to guarantee that the contentions that emerge on the responsibility for will be diminished however much as could be expected. One of the occurrences that can be utilized to really affirm that the English property framework is more practical than hypothetical is the way wherein passes judgment on give judgment in cases, absolutely those that relate to property law. Rather than carefully following what the resolutions state, most appointed authorities would prefer to depend on rationale. Locke’s hypothesis of property likewise appears to repeat this point. This is on the grounds that Locke starts his contentions my expressing that, at initiation, property was personalâ€meaning that there were no individual proprietors. In any case, the diligence of this condition of thing will imply that nobody would have the option to utilize land, for instance, for individual or shared advantage. Locke perceives that there is the need to make a framework where people can lay case of possession to what in particular was until now mutually claimed (Tully 1980 34). This goal would be outlandish in the event that one wants to get the consent of each individual from the network. It can possibly happen when people start to trade something as a byproduct of what they want. At the very initiation, it was their real perspiration; later, it was important property; lastly it became cash. The presentation of cash implied that the measuring stick for isolating the well off from poor people had been built up. By translation, one could expect both of these two assessments. Initial, one could infer that the adaptability, as opposed to the unbending nature, of the English property law has truly assist ed with constraining the level in which everyone in the world who is an entrepreneur would have the option to transform individual property into genuine property. Besides, one may finish up, then again, that adaptability of the English property law (which is best settled in the useful sense) has assisted with emerging the longing of the industrialist to change over the vast majority of what was once in the past claimed mutually into genuine property. In general, one would find that Locke’s property hypothesis favors free enterprise as against communalism. What Locke safeguards is that cash can be the answer for all issues (Tully 1980 52). Indeed, even in England, this is by all accounts genuine in such a case that anyone is sufficiently rich to utilize the administrations of a capable legal advisor, the case is near being won effectively even before any judgment is articulated. The legal advisor would have the option to likewise turn the chances to support their customer. The English property is liquid in nature. Most legal counselors, henceforth, exploit this. They have had the option to make the English property law, which to a normal individual would show up as one of the most unbending laws ever, into one that has gotten truly adaptable (Worthington 2000 97). For example, there is actually no reasonable qualification among genuine and individual property once more. This is on the grounds that legal counselors have had the option to trade them, through translation, to suit the requests of their case. What legal counselors have had the option to achieve may not so much be because of their creativity however because of the way that the law itself has made the failures. For instance, regularly, the English rule would perceive a bequest claimed by a family as

Boiled Frog Phenomenon in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bubbled Frog Phenomenon in Business - Essay Example The veracity of this wonder is be that as it may, a suspect. Sacred writing (1897) educates that a live frog can really be bubbled without a development if the water is warmed gradually enough; in one analysis the temperature was raised at a pace of 0.002C. every second, and the frog was discovered dead toward the finish of 2 hours without having moved. Many different researchers however expose this idea (Gibbons, 2002). The Bubbled Frog condition is regularly utilized in business, governmental issues, condition, and other everyday exercises. In key administration, this alludes to the failure of the organizations to identify moderate and slow changes, which could be hindering to its organizations. While most organizations are capable at distinguishing unexpected changes, steady changes are hard to identify. Polynice (2009) deduces that the frog allegory for associations is that we all in all should attempt to distinguish the dangers of our endurance at a beginning period when we despite everything have the opportunity to design instead of respond to that specific danger; which will be past the point of no return. Besides, we should likewise figure out how to decrease our limit of progress so as to have the option to recognize littler changes that are happening in our condition. This marvel can happen in all fields of business, viz., activities, outer condition, business securing, coordinations, and s o on.. InInstances undifferentiated from Bubbled Frog frequently happen in the business condition. Truth be told, the term was first utilized by Roger Ford (2002), editorialist for Modern Railways magazine while depicting privatization of British Rail. A business case of such a circumstance is the British Railways after privatization. The organization Railtrack plc (Railtrack, 2009) assumed control over the railroad framework from the administration after privatization in April 1994. This new organization claimed the track, flagging, burrows, spans, level intersections and practically all the stations of in UK. It is accepted that the organization mishandled its close to monopolistic position, and didn't invest in fundamental enhancements in foundation and security. Controllers were named, yet Railtrack opposed administrative weights to improve its presentation. The exhibition of the organization disintegrated step by step, however there was no acknowledgment of it inside the organization. At long last, a couple of accidents, especially the (Hatfield rail crash, 2009) crash on October 17, 2000 uncovered the profound situated security and upkeep issues of Railtrack. In spite of the fact that solitary four fatalities happened in the accident, it uncovered the absence of legitimate administration practices and set into movement a chain of occasions, which at long last prompted the auction of Railtrack to government possessed Network Rail in October 2002. While the underlying driver examination uncovered the main driver of the Hatfield mishap to be Moving Contact Fatigue, there were a few other contributory elements. This included stripping of a great part of the designing information on recent British Rail into support contractual workers. The record keeping of Railtrack was likewise not satisfactory. On examination, a few comparable potential track issues were found. At the

Investigate a possible relationship between self-esteem and levels of satisfaction in the undergraduate student population Essay Example

Examine a potential connection between confidence and levels of fulfillment in the undergrad understudy populace Essay The current research was done so as to explore a potential connection between confidence and levels of fulfillment in the undergrad understudy populace. The point was to distinguish a potential relationship that may show that individuals with high confidence are commonly more fulfilled than those with low confidence. The overview instrument utilized as the way to test the theory was a self-complete poll containing both shut and open inquiries. This was steered and afterward controlled to an open door test of 21 first year students at West Suffolk College. The quantitative information was examined utilizing the SPSS PC bundle. The outcomes uncover a relationship coefficient of r=.816 demonstrating a solid positive connection, which was then factually tried and demonstrated to be critical at the 0.01 level. The subjective information was broke down and found to help the quantitative information. The outcomes and discoveries in the two cases bolster the speculation thus it can in this m anner be reasoned that there is a huge relationship between's degrees of confidence and levels of undergrad fulfillment. This examination is keen on confidence according to fulfillment in the undergrad understudy populace. It looks to explore how high or low confidence influences the manner in which an individual sees their reality. The point was to recognize a potential connection that may delineate that individuals with high confidence are commonly more fulfilled than those with low confidence. Confidence is one of the most contemplated parts of individual distinction in character. Humanist, psychodynamic, social mental and psychological scholars have stressed the significance of confidence. The effect on the person of having either high or low degrees of confidence may not just influence their life desires yet in addition sway at a cultural level. There is a conviction, bolstered by Baumeister (1999), that low confidence is answerable for a wide combination of individual and social issues. There is a shortage of proof that recommends that school programs planned for bringing up childrens confidence produce a decrease in wrongdoing, misconduct, tranquilize misuse and underachievement in school. (Baumeister 1999). We will compose a custom article test on Investigate a potential connection between confidence and levels of fulfillment in the undergrad understudy populace explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Investigate a potential connection between confidence and levels of fulfillment in the undergrad understudy populace explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Investigate a potential connection between confidence and levels of fulfillment in the undergrad understudy populace explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Curry and Johnson (1990) portray high confidence as a safe feeling of personality and a capacity to recognize and esteem ones own endeavors and accomplishments. They stress an association between high confidence, certainty, vitality and positive thinking and contend that these attributes have their underlying foundations in early years. Baumeister, Rice and Hutton (1989) examine confidence as far as inspirational direction, with high confidence giving a self-improving direction. As such an individual considered to have high confidence is bound to look to profit by their great attributes and seek after victories considerably under unsafe conditions. Then again individuals with low confidence have a self-ensuring direction and keep away from disappointments and set backs. (Baumeister 1999). The significance of seeing progressively about confidence according to training is clear. A reasonable methods for doing this is in the pretense of a direct fulfillment survey the procedure of which understudies are very acquainted with. With the focal point of confidence and understudy fulfillment at the top of the priority list the accompanying test theory has been drawn up. Test Hypothesis There is a critical relationship between's degrees of confidence and levels of undergrad fulfillment Invalid Hypothesis Any relationship between's degrees of confidence and levels of undergrad fulfillment is because of chance components. Technique The review instrument utilized in this examination was a self-complete poll, which was created to distinguish levels of fulfillment and confidence. The confidence pointers depended on the Rosenberg (1965) confidence scale (see informative supplement 5). The primary explanation behind the utilization of a survey instead of semi-organized meeting or some other technique was for down to earth reasons and speed. The poll utilizes a blend of open and shut inquiries taking into consideration the assortment of both subjective and quantitative information. One of the downsides of utilizing this technique is that it doesn't take into account examining, inciting or the assortment of extra information. It rushes to oversee, moderately modest and helpful for respondents. The poll was broken into 3 short areas trying to keep away from respondent weakness. The principal segment was comprised of 3 subjective inquiries, which were purposely situated toward the beginning so as to catch the understudi es remarks while new. The subsequent segment was comprised of a bank of quantitative inquiries with a 4 point Likart scale. These inquiries required the respondent to peruse an announcement and afterward mark whether they firmly concurred, concurred, differ or unequivocally couldn't help contradicting the announcement. The appropriate responses were coded and given a score, running from unequivocally concurred = 4 and emphatically differ = 1. At last segment 3 called for segment data and progressively broad inquiries testing long haul objectives. (Bryman 2004). A pilot study was performed and the poll re planned in like manner. The subsequent survey was then controlled. The quantitative information was broke down so as to build up the relationship coefficient, the quality of the connection, which was then measurably tried for importance. The subjective information was investigated and discoveries contrasted with the quantitative information. An open door test of 21 members comprised of 20 females and 1 male consented to partake. The gathering comprised of first year understudies on certificate programs inside the West Suffolk College. Eleven of the members were Humanities qualification understudies and 10 were Behavioral Studies and the ages ran from 19 41+. Standard structures (informative supplement 1-3) were created so as to make replication of the review conceivable. These incorporated a data/assent structure (supplement 1), a solicitation for additional data structure (reference section 2) and a self-complete poll (informative suppleme nt 3). A gathering of first year college understudies were drawn closer inside assigned talk time and welcome to partake in an understudy fulfillment review. A morally affirmed data/assent structure was given and the understudies were approached to peruse and sign it to give their assent. An extra structure was given to gather the subtleties of the individuals who needed additional data on the review or a duplicate of the examination discoveries. The respondents were educated that the entire procedure would just take around 10 minutes and their reactions would remain altogether secret. The reason for the overview was clarified quickly albeit no notice was made as to the confidence part of the inquiries. Members were additionally educated regarding their entitlement to pull back whenever and asked on the off chance that they had any inquiries preceding continuing. Results Engaging measurements Table 1 PPT No Course Sex M/F Age Fulfillment Score Confidence score Positive word score Long haul objective 1 B/S F 19-21 14 11 5 Degree at that point work 2 H F 32-41 16 16 2 educating 3 B/S F 42+ 12 12 4 Ed Psych 4 H F 42+ 14 14 4 Increase degree 5 B/S F 19-21 12 10 0 Find a new line of work 6 H F 22-31 13 12 4 educating 7 H F 22-31 14 13 3 No drawn out objective 8 B/S F 22-31 11 9 2 Not certain in the event that I will even finish course 9 B/S F 42+ 13 13 5 Receptive 10 B/S F 22-31 13 10 1 uncertain 11 B/S F 22-31 16 15 5 Mama Psych 12 B/S F 42+ 15 16 5 Instructing essential 13 B/S F 32-41 12 12 3 Ed Psych 14 H F 32-41 15 14 3 Accomplish best grade 15 H F 42+ 11 11 4 Instruct essential 16 H M 42+ 13 13 2 Instruct 17 H F 22-31 16 15 3 first Class Hons 18 H F 32-41 12 12 4 Instructing 19 H F 19-21 13 14 3 instructing 20 B/S F 32-41 14 12 5 Remunerating vocation/independance 21 H F 22-31 12 10 2 Show Not certain if sufficient Absolute 281 264 Mean 13 13 St Dev 1.6 2 Table 1 records the program of study, age gathering and sex of the 21 respondents. It additionally records the all out scores for fulfillment and confidence taken from the quantitative piece of the survey along with the mean and standard deviations. The table additionally incorporates the individual respondents positive word scores, which were gotten from the subjective information gathered. The last segment subtleties the respondents long haul objective, which was a piece of the segment area of the survey and shows that 8 out of the 21 respondents mean to go into instructing, 3 respondents trusted their degree would lead onto a vocation however didn't determine the sort of occupation. 3 respondents said they might want to embrace a Masters qualification as well as go into Educational Psychology. 3 respondents detailed that increasing a degree was their drawn out objective, 1 of whom is focusing on a top of the line praises degree. The 4 residual respondents said they were uncertain, liberal or had no drawn out objective. For the most part fulfillment scores would in general be high with a mean score of 13 (the least conceivable score being 4 and the most elevated 16). Deviation from the mean was minor with a standard deviation of 1.6 for satisfactio

The 1/3 Technology Partnership Challenge

The improvement of the fifth era (5G) portable and remote systems has progressed at a quick pace. The 1/3 innovation Partnership challenge (3GPP) intends to finish the underlying no independent choice of 5G till the stop of 2017. on account that mid-2015, the ecu Union (european) spending plan 5G Public private Partnership (5GPPP) stage 1 projects1 that have assumed an indispensable job in sorting out a pre-normalization agreement on locales beginning from physical layer to average design, arrange the board and programming systems. Various advances and developments from these ventures have generously added to the improvement in necessities developing gatherings (SDOs). With the aim of merging the conclusive outcomes of 5GPPP assignments into a basic structure creative and judicious and reacting to the different necessities of 5G use cases and contributions, the 5G design running foundation has been vivacious for the explanation that start of the 5GPPP activity. The 5G gadget has the desire of reacting to the most extensive scope of contributions and bundles inside the records of versatile and remote correspondences ordered in (I) better portable broadband (eMBB), (ii) incredibly dependable and low-dormancy interchanges (URLLC) and (iii) huge gadget type interchanges (mMTC). In reacting to the prerequisites of these contributions and bundles, the 5G device focuses to offer a bendy stage permitting new business occurrences and designs coordinating vertical ventures, for example, vehicle, producing, vitality, eHealth, and beguilement. in this establishment, arrange cutting develops as a promising future-proof system holding fast to the innovative and business needs of different enterprises. To obtain this aim, network diminishing wishes to be planned from a start to finish disposition, spreading over unmistakable time space names (e.g., center, transporting and get right of passage to systems) and managerial areas (e.g., extraordinary cell arrange administrators) which incorporates the board and coordination highlights. In addition, wellbeing engineering will be locally joined into the general structure, satisfying the necessities of contributions and projects addressing security imperative use examples. The target first to get acquainted with 5G security the manner in which it has been tended to through Phase 1 in wording the â€Å"What† and â€Å"Why† however moreover, and potentially most fundamentally, clear the way for Phase 2 activities so we can use the accomplishments coming about because of this first Phase.

W1 BA541 Asign Behavior vs Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

W1 BA541 Asign Behavior versus Communication - Essay Example farm of information that manages the creation and utilization of specialized methods and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment† (Dictionary.com Unabridged, n.d.). All things considered, it could be reasoned that intelligent innovations, with regards to associations and clients, mean the field of order that utilizes ceaseless two-way trade or sharing of data among clients and the association, on issues relating to the items or administrations offered and bought by the customer base. As showed, the development of new intelligent advances; which means, the utilization of computerized media (â€Å"combinations of electronic content, illustrations, moving pictures, and sound, into an organized advanced modernized condition that permits individuals to cooperate with the information for suitable purposes† (England and Finney, 2011, p. 2), isn't adequate to assume that a strong bond is set up among clients and the association. The negligible presence of these various sorts of intuitive innovations doesn't immovably affirm that clients can get a handle on what the association offers †if these are not successfully conveyed to them. make new procedures that are arranged around the coordination of all these recently conceivable client collaborations. Also, they should guarantee that the associations themselves run proficiently as well as are powerful at building progressively strong, productive associations with customers† (p. 193). The key component that would purportedly improve the information on their items and administrations being offered; just as on the organization’s capacity to address the customers’ needs, is through viable correspondence. It was in this manner underscored that â€Å"the venture needs to incorporate the entirety of its client coordinated correspondence channels with the goal that it can precisely distinguish every client regardless of how an individual client or a client organization contacts the enterprise† (Peppers and Rogers, 2010, p. 193). Simultaneously, correspondence alone is as yet insufficient.

The Effectiveness of Public Relation as a Marketing Tool - 275 Words

The Effectiveness of Public Relation as a Marketing Tool (Essay Sample) Content: CREATING A BREAKDWORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE STRUCTURE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS AS A MARKETING TOOL ON SALES IN THREE STAR HOTELS, AFRICAA work breakdown structure is used subdividing or breaking down a complex project into a more manageable which can be supervised and estimated effectively. The graphical design and nature of the work breakdown structure can help a project controller oversee the output based on different outfits, that ensure that maximum conclusion are arrived at on whether or not to adopt suggested procedures orProcedures changes The use of work breakdown structure are1 help to distribute responsibilities2 show control points and project management3 allow for identification of risk in the proje ctSTEP 1CREATING A WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS AS A MARKETING TOOL ON SALES IN THREE STAR HOTELS, AFRICAThe effectiveness of public relation as a marketing tool on sales in the three star hotel, Africa is as a result of competent and effective work breakdown structure . The project of this component is to find out the advantage of using the public relation as sale. The importance of public relation in marketing tool in the three star hotel. Find out how these hotels use public relations as a marketing tool and how it helps them1 A The project of this component is to find out the advantage of using the public relation as saleB The importance of public relation in marketing tool in the three star hotelC Find out how these hotels use public relations as a marketing tool and how it helps themDSTEP 2By use of interviewers find out the relationship between the public and the three star hotel by using of the interviewers and incorporate the managemen t of the hotelA3 DFReview the past relation of the hotel and the public in general and s...

A Financial Comparison Of Sainsbury And Tesco - Free Essay Example

The main aim of preparing financial report is because it provides information about the firms performance in the market. This report will focus mainly on financial analysis which will. The main aim of doing this report is to make recommendations and conclusion based on financial analysis. The information gathered for this report is collected mainly through annual report and the site of the company and Accounting books (Accounting for management, 2010). The Accounting Policies Accounting policies reflect the basic business facts which are important to investors capability to make a decisions of investing in a firm. Some of the accounting policies are described below: BASIS OF PREPARATION The preparation of financial statement are done on basis of historic cost convention, which excludes financial instruments, investment properties and derivatives available for sale of financial assets which are measured in fair value. The related assumptions and estimates are based on historical experiences and various other factors. The Group which has the authority to govern the financial and operating policies of a firm which are associated with shareholding of more than one half of the voting rights is known as Subsidiaries. Joint ventures are legally formed entities between two or more firms in which the company has interest. In joint ventures investments are carried in the Group balance sheet at the cost plus post-acquisition changes in the Groups share of net assets, less any impairment in value (J Sainsbury, 2009). REVENUE RECOGNITION The revenue is said to be recognised when the major rewards and risks of products and services have been given to buyer and which can be measured. Revenue is money earned through sales by retail outlets (Frank Wood, 2008). FIXED ASSTES AND DEPRICIATION: Land and buildings are known as fixed assets. They are settled at cost less accumulated depreciation. During construction properties are assumed at cost less recognised impairment losses. Costs are any attributable and borrowing costs which are financed in accordance with the Groups accounting policy. Depreciation is calculated as per the write off cost of the assets to their remaining values, on a straight-line method on the basis such as freehold buildings and leasehold properties (J Sainsbury, 2009). INVENTORIES Inventories are normally calculated at lower cost, in warehouses it is valued on a basis on goods-in and goods-out basis, and at retail outlets they are valued at calculated average cost. All direct expenditure and other indirect costs which are incurred in bringing inventories to their location are considered as costs (J Sainsbury, 2009). OPERATING PROFITS From operating expenses a large amount is outflow on employees costs, which increased from ( £m)1,957 in 2008 to 2,003 in 2009. Profit on sale of properties is high ( £m) 57 in 2009 as compared to 7 in 2008. Auditors remuneration also increased to 1.7 million pounds in 2009 from 1.5 in 2008 (J Sainsbury, 2009). Property Plants and Equipments The cost has increased to 12,351 in 2009 than 11,745 in 2008 ( £M), which indirectly increases the accumulated depreciation and impairment. The net book value of land and buildings comprises of 2009 2008 Freehold land and building 4,777 4,502 Long leasehold 951 938 Short leasehold 520 505 It measures companys earning power from ongoing operations which is equal to earnings before deducting the interest payments, and income taxes, which is also called earnings before interest and taxes or operating income (J Sainsbury, 2009). PROVISIONS It includes provisions for Group onerous leases, Group restructuring and disposal provision, Group long service awards, where overall group provisons have increased from  £73 m to  £76m in 2009. But the companys total provision have decreased by  £1m in 2009 to  £28m from  £29m in 2008 (Sainsbury 2009).The lease provision covers outstanding lease commitments of up to an average of 30 years the restructuring provisions are likely to be utilised in the financial year beginning 22 March 2009 (J Sainsbury, 2009). Financial Performance and Analysis Ratio analysis is used by individuals and by firms to conduct a quantitative analysis of information in companys financial statement. Data is collected from accounting statements and converted into statistics. The statistics derived can be used to study a firms performance over a period of time. (Owen, 2003) Ratios can be placed in four main headings: Investment Profitability Cash conversion Gearing. Solvency Investment ratios These are useful for institutional and private investors as they give an indication of companys investment potential (Holmes, Sugdon Gee, 2008) Dividend cover = N.P.A.T and preference dividend / Paid and proposed ordinary dividend This ratio shows the distribution procedure of the company as it pays how many times the current dividend could have been paid out of current profits and by implicating how much profit has been retained to finance future growth of the company. Earnings per share = N.P.A.T and preference dividend / No of ordinary shares in issue during the year This ratio indicates the earning per share when issued. A potential investor will prefer to invest in a company whose earnings per share are increasing. Profitability Ratios: Profitability ratio makes one understand how much profit a business makes. It also compares with the previous periods and/or with other companies. There are four major profitability ratios: Return on capital Employed = Profit x 100 / Capital The best way accessing profitability is to calculate a ratio known Return on Capital Employed. ROCE is expressed in percentage. It indicates the return on capital which is invested in business.It is one of the most important ratios (Owen, 2003). Gross Profit Ratios = Gross Profit x 100 / Total sales revenue This ratio explains us how successful the firm has been at the business. It is the difference between COGS and net sales. It also measures the profit earned by the company in relation to the amount of sales that it has made Operating profit Ratio = Gross Profit x 100 / Cost of Goods Sold This ratio measures the amount of profit added to the cost of goods sold. The cost of goods sold plus profit equals the sales revenue. The mark-up can be reduced to encourage extra sales activity, but this can effect by reduction in gross profit. Net Profit ratio = Net Profit Before taxation x 100 / Total sales revenue This ratio indicates the ability of the firm to face economic conditions e.g. low demand. It is also possible to establish a current trend (Owen, 2003) Cash Conversion Ratios: These ratios are concerned with measure the efficiency with asset. The greater the rate of turnover the more efficient is the utilisation of asset other things being equal. So it is defined as test of the relationship between sales and various assets of firm (Owen, 2003). Stock Turnover ratio = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Stock It indicates that how much stock has been sold and quantity of stock remained in warehouse. It relates with the profit of company. It is expressed in numbers. Trade debtor collection period ratio = Average trade debtors x 365 / Total credit sales It shows the debts collection of the firm. It shows how quickly receivables or debtors are converted into cash. It is the liquidity of debtors of a firm. Trade creditors collection period = Average trade creditors x 365 / Total credit sales The credit period enjoyed by the firm to make payment to their creditors is known as creditors turnover ratio. It includes all bills payable and other sundry c reditors. Gearing ratios: Gearing ratios are of two types: Interest Cover = P.B.T / Interest charges It explains the outstanding debt the company could easily pay. The more ratio the more debt of the company. When companys ratio comes below one it means that it cannot fulfil its interest expenses. Gearing Ratio = Preference shares + LTL x 100 / Shareholders fund + LTL It demonstrates the degree to which a companys activities are funded by owners funds against creditors funds. Solvency Ratios: Liquidity ratios measure the degree to which assets can be quickly converted into cash. They try to access how much cash the firm has on hand in the short term mainly for next financial year (Cox Fardon, 1998). There are two major liquidity ratios: Current Asset Turnover ratio = Current Asset / Current Liabilities It is also known as Working Capital ratio. It is used in finding the financial position of firm. It is obtained by dividing current assets by current liabilities. Acid Test Turnover Ratio = Current Asset Stock / Current Liabilities It indicates the capacity of the firm to pay its amount when it becomes due. It describes the firms liquidity position than the current asset ratio. It is suggested that the ratio must be at least 1:1. Comparison: Sainsbury has monetary downturn in the market in 2008 2009 when compared to Tesco in various modes of financial aspects. Sainsbury gross profit has decreased in 2009 compared to 2008, but in case of operating profit it has increased in 2009 compared to 2008. The stock turnover days are low means they supply stock in high quantities. In comparison with Tesco, Sainsbury has low percentage of profits, but the stock days are less which means that the company has high stock turnover rate which is good for the company. Financial Statement: Financial statements provide an outline of a firms economic condition in both short and long term. All the significant financial information of a business venture presented in an ordered manner and in a form easy to understand is known as financial statements (Maire Loughran 2010).There are four basic financial statements such as: Balance Sheet Group income statement Statement of retained earnings Cash Flow Statement 4.1 Balance Sheet: It is the statement which describes the financial position of a business for a financial year which describes the assets, liabilities, and owners equity at a particular point in time. All accounts such as an asset, a liability or equity are categorised in the General ledger of the companys accounting statement. These ratios are based on the profit and cash flow is very vital for accessing companys finance stability (Atrill McLaney, 2008) 4.2 Group income statement: Group income statement is income less expenses. If companys income is more than expense, then company have a net profit. And in case Expense more than income then the company have a net loss.The purpose of profit and loss statement is to identify if business has made profit or loss over financial year (Maire Loughran, 2010). 4.3 Cash Flow Statement: Cash flow statement which is also known as fund flow statement in financial accounting. It keeps the track of transaction of cash in and cash out of business. The cash flow statement is an analytical tool that is used in determining the short-term viability of a company, mainly its ability to pay bills on time (Cox Fardon, 1998) The people and groups who are concerned in cash flow statements are: Accounting personnel, Prospective  lenders  or  creditors, Potential  investors, Shareholders. 4.4 Statement of recognised income and expenditure Retained Earnings = retained earnings at the beginning paid dividend + Net income. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) requires retained earnings whenever comparative balance sheet and income statement are present. Retained earnings comprises of retained earnings at the beginning, paid dividend and net income . (Atrill McLaney, 2008) Audit committee: The audit committee of Sainsbury include members such as Gary Hughes who with the help of John Mc Adam and Mary Harris and others consisted of the audit committee. The audit committee became the integral part of the corporate framework to fulfil the board of directors stewardship accountability to its outside constituencies. The work of audit committee is active since the accounting and auditing process are focus to modify (J Sainsbury 2009). Purpose: The audit committee is selected by board to (Louis Braiotta, 2010): Directly responsible for reimbursement and supervision of the companys independent auditor employed by the company for the purpose of preparing and issuing an audit report. Assist the board in monitoring The reliability of the financial reporting process, systems of internal controls and financial statements and reports of Company. To assess the companys internal audit functions The compliances by the Company the legal and dictatorial needs. Internal Control: The board of the Sainsbury have the responsibility for the control which is included in the companys operations which also includes risk management. The audit committee has been provided with several of these responsibilities. The internal control has been designed in the way that it manages rather than to eliminate the risk of failure in achieving the objectives of the company (J Sainsbury 2009). CONCLUSION From the report it can be said that Sainsbury had a bad year as their gross profit decreased. The company has used its earning to improve its position by investing in restructuring and by paying the dividend to shareholders. But EPS shows that there was decline in shareholders value. The companys cash flow is in danger as it excess spending is financed by excess gains. RECOMMENDATIONS: Sainsbury has gone through difficulties in marketing, supply chain and financial management. To lead the market they have to supply good quality food at low price as its rivalry Tesco is doing to gain consumers. Though they have invested their funds in long term project it is advisable to them that they cut down prices to gain consumers attention. It is advisable to investors that Sainsbury will grow in future as they do have strong position in market even if it is far behind its competitor Tesco (Tesco, 2009)