Egoism Theory Of Ethics And Corruption - 1332 Words

Egoism Theory of Ethics and Corruption This paper is aimed at the analysis of the ethical dimension of corruption. In the developing countries, corruption has been established as highly prevalent. The focus is largely on the case of Mauritius. The assessment of corruption in absolute terms largely portrays it as unethical. Nevertheless, the consideration of the relativistic views somehow makes the allowance for corruption in its mild forms such as the giving of bribes in the forms of speed up gratuities or seeking favors to get or benefit from unwarranted advantages. The effective and comprehensive analysis of this case is based on the ethical theory of egoism. The origin of the egoism theory is from Freud. He asserted that naturally, human beings are selfish and aggressive. As such, the egoists according to their philosophy make decisions that tend to maximize their self interests. Relating to the business context this would mean picking on the option that adds to their self interest. The conception is usually regards the egoists essentially being unethical. This has an egoist as an individual whose focus is on the short term objectives and would try to make the most from any opportunity that has availed itself as long as they can get a benefit out of it. However, different perspectives exist to this theory. Sources such as Ferrell (cited in Napal pg 2) propose the case of an enlightened egoist who has considerations for the well being of other people and who ratifies aShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Human Decisions On The Social Responsibility899 Words   |  4 Pagesmorality can be traced to the traditional ethical theories attributed to ethical decision making especially among business personnel. These theories can be classified as either non-consequentialist or consequentialist theories. Consequentialist theories often base moral judgements on the results of engaging in a particular action and are often based on intended outcomes, the aims or the goals of the undertaken action. Non-consequentialist theories on the other hand base their moral judgements on theRead MoreCase Study 1 : NYPD Frisk Program : Noble Cause Corruption?1226 Words   |  5 PagesNoble cause corruption follows the teleological ideal of ethics. Teleological ethics are based on our concern with consequences (Thiroux K rasemann, 2014, p. 30). The approach emphasizes that good officers are trying to do the right thing, but due to some complexities or even a lack of evidence, they feel forced break the rules to catch the bad guy (Grometstein, 2007). Police officers believe that if they ignore certain legal policies, then they can successfully eliminate criminals and protect theirRead MoreCriminal Justice Ethics : Edmund Exley ( Guy Pierce )1101 Words   |  5 PagesJames Hall Professor Keith Touchberry Criminal Justice Ethics CRM4712 2 December 2014 L.A. Confidential – Edmund Exley (Guy Pierce) In policing, and in so many parts of our lives, there is a code of silence, and we adhere to it. We don t snitch, we don t rat on other people because it s not part of our culture. But if one desires to consider themselves as an ethical person, it s not just about our ethics, it s about what to do when others do things that are unethical also. We truly areRead MoreCorporate Influence And Political Corruption1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s society many Americans believe that there is corruption within politics. According to Jeffrey Milyo author of Corporate Influence and Political Corruption, a nationally representative opinion survey done in 2008 states that, â€Å"a little more than 50 percent of respondents agreed that corruption in the federal government is widespread and an extremely serious concern, while fewer than five percent considered corruption in the federal government to be rare or not a concern† (Konisky, MilyoRead MoreEnron : The Corrupt C orporate Juggernaut1055 Words   |  5 Pageselement of corruption was present in the case of Enron, the number of corrupt employees may not have been as encompassing as presumed. When asked to rate their level of honesty, most would respond that they are honest. In actuality, most people are not completely honest, and their level of dishonesty is correlated with their ability to rationalize the dishonesty and preserve their self- image as an honest and admirable person (Ariely 2013). This is when the use or misuse of ethical theories comes intoRead MoreSimilarities And Contrast Of The Seven Moral Philosophies3772 Words   |  16 Pagesworks for us all. EGOISM Egoism is what an individual sees as a correct or acceptable behavior based which can be constructed with the ideas of including but not limited to physical well-being, a satisfying career, power, wealth, etc. (Ferrell, Fraedrich Ferrell, 2015, pg. 158). This is an extension of teleological philosophy that focuses on finding a means to an end rather than considering what the means were to get to the end. There are, however, two different forms of egoism that must be consideredRead MoreThe Media and Its Responsibilities3328 Words   |  13 Pageschallenging and they present ethical issues on a day to day basis. It is thus important for these actions to be analyzed using the appropriate ethical theory to ensure they are right in the eyes of the society. However, a lack of consensus in the ethical theories as well as the presence of different perspectives introduced by relativism, ethical egoism and emotivism creates ethical issues and problems which create more challenges in their resolution. Ethical issue presented The media is thought toRead MoreCurrent Ethical Issues1503 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent Ethical Issues University of Phoenix Ethics in Management PHL/323 June 12, 2011 In today’s society there are many decisions made every day that have an effect on not only a single person but can contribute to decisions and actions that many other people make as well. Many decisions have an ethical standpoint that each person must address to make sure that it is a decision they are ready and willing to make. Each decision needs to incorporate the main issues at hand, who itRead MoreMy Code of Ethics1415 Words   |  6 PagesCode of Ethics Personal or not, a code of ethics that is in accordance to the criterion of the Almighty God is among the most valuable asset for any individual or organization. In the case study chosen for this essay, the ethical issue involved is concerning business ethics in the area of integrity and uprightness. A firm is planning to expand their business in a country where transactions that seems to be bribery is a normal part of doing business. There are contractors establishing themselvesRead MoreEssay on Ethical Movie Review: Blood Diamond3530 Words   |  15 Pagesissues identified and discussed are; child soldiers and conflict diamonds. My main lens of ethical theories will consist of the four western theories, this includes, egoism, utilitarianism, ethics of duties and ethics of rights. Even though these theories are based on ethical absolutism, I will still try to apply a pluralistic view. Additionally, some of these theories will be expanded and other theories that do not tend so mu ch towards ethical absolutism will be added. The following section will concentrate

What Is Legal English

The specialized variety (or occupational register) of the English language used by lawyers and in legal documents is called legal English. As David Mellinkoff has noted, legal English includes distinctive words, meanings, phrases, and modes of expression (The Language of the Law, 1963). A pejorative term for abstruse forms of legal English is legalese. Examples and Observations I know you lawyers can with easeTwist words and meanings as you please;That language, by your skill made pliant,Will bend to favour every client. (John Gay, The Dog and the Fox. Fables, 1727 and 1738)So, you might speak English, but can you understand what goes on in court? Actually, it is likely that many people will understand most, in not all, of the talk that is addressed directly to them... In spoken legal contexts the legal vocabulary and sentence structures typically occur in talk between lawyers and judges: it is a kind of insiders language, similar to the way in which computer technicians might discuss your computer problems, in their specialised register, in front of you. (Diana Eades, Using English in the Legal Process. The Routledge Companion to English Language Studies, ed. by Janet Maybin and Joan Swann. Routledge, 2010) What Makes Legal Language Difficult? One of the main reasons why legal language is sometimes difficult to understand is that it is often very different from ordinary English. This comprises two issues: 1. The writing conventions are different: sentences often have apparently peculiar structures, punctuation is used insufficiently, foreign phrases are sometimes used instead of English phrases (e.g. ​inter alia instead of among others), unusual pronouns are employed (the same, the aforesaid, etc.), and unusual set phrases are to be found (null and void, all and sundry).2. A large number of difficult words and phrases are used. (Rupert Haigh, Legal English, 2nd ed. Routledge-Cavendish, 2009) Legal Doublets It must have been quite hard, being a lawyer in the Middle Ages in England. Originally, all your law books would have been in Latin. Then, in the 13th century, they start being written in French. Then along comes English. Lawyers had a problem. When they wanted to talk about a legal issue, which words should they use?... If someone decided to leave all his property and possessions to a relative, should the legal document talk about his goods, using the Old English word, or his chattels, using the Old French word? The lawyers thought up an ingenious solution. They would use both... A large number of legal doublets were created in this way, and some of them became so widely known that they entered everyday English. Every time we say fit and proper or wrack and ruin we are recalling a legal mix of English and French. Peace and quiet combines French and Latin. Will and testament combines English and Latin... The pattern caught on. After a while, lawyers began to bring together pairs of w ords from the same language. To avoid a dispute over whether cease meant the same as desist (both words are from French), they simply said that someone should cease and desist. (David Crystal, The Story of English in 100 Words. St. Martins Press, 2012)You must not argue there [in court], as if you were arguing in the schools; close reasoning will not fix their attention--you must say the same thing over and over again, in different words. If you say it but once, they miss it in a moment of inattention. It is unjust, sir, to censure lawyers for multiplying words when they argue; it is often necessary for them to multiply words.(Samuel Johnson, quoted by James Boswell in The Life of Samuel Johnson, 1791) National Varieties of Legal English The American colonies rejected many things British when they won their independence. Yet they retained the common law system, including the notion of precedent. Despite reservations by some prominent Americans, most notably Thomas Jefferson, they also continued to use the legal language associated with that system. Thus modern English lawyers can understand American lawyers fairly well, and vice versa. Yet in some important respects, the British and American legal systems have diverged, producing what are arguably differing dialects of legal English (Tiersma 1999: 43-7). In contrast to the United States, countries such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand broke away from the United Kingdom much later, and as a result their legal languages are closer to that of England. (Peter M. Tiersma, A History of the Languages of Law. Language and Law, ed. by Peter M. Tiersma and Lawrence M. Solan. Oxford Univ. Press, 2012)

Market Situation and Consumption of Coffee Products in Abu Dhabi Marke Term Paper

Essays on Market Situation and Consumption of Coffee Products in Abu Dhabi Market Term Paper The paper â€Å"Market Situation and Consumption of Coffee Products in Abu Dhabi Market† is a   great version of a case study on marketing. Abu Dhabi is a federal capital located at the center of the (United Arab Emirates) UAE government and is said to be one of the most modernized cities in the world. The population is about 1.5 million and the headquarters of various oil companies and embassies are located in the city resulting in development. The city has about 420,000 citizens and the others are foreigners, among the citizens each one is worth about 17 million dollars and this conclusion made Abu Dhabi be described by CNN as the richest city in the entire world (Aaker 500). The city is beautiful featuring large gardens and parks along the roads and streets.There are also sophisticated buildings, the international luxurious chain of hotels and sumptuous shopping malls. For long Abu Dhabi has been viewed as a calm and bureaucratic city, unlike neighboring Dubai. To attract more tourists and investors, the 2004 ruler introduced the sale of lands to foreigners and the tight restrictions on alcohol were loosened. Massive projects are now underway, for example, the Yas Island and the Ferrari theme park are under construction. The city is currently experiencing a construction boom with the Saadiyat Island and Louvre Museums that are scheduled to be opened by 2013 (Aaker 501).A devastating storm has been brewing the world’s physical coffee market especially in the Middle East region (Hickman 56). This is because the firms that are responsible for the delivery of seeds are being hit by a double crisis. The soaring prices and increased margins have forces exporters and importers to take on more risks for example by abandoning hedges to avoid more financial costs. Coffee handlers have therefore been condemned for increasing their price margins which are the sum paid to maintain an open exchange relationship. The margins increased by about 150 percent f or the last six months of 2010, therefore, increasing the cost of evading purchases of coffee in the future.According to Aaker (503) in Guatemala, which is the highest producer of high-quality Arabica beans, for example, the financial squeeze became unbearable in a way that export and import trade came as at a standstill. This is because most exporters declared that it was impossible for them to hedge more purchases as this would bring them losses in shipment costs. In Colombia which is the top grower of Arabica coffee, exporters were selling as fixed prices to avoid destroying the future market. The world’s biggest supplier of coffee, Brazil is increasing hedges in order to avoid losses brought about by paying for the increased margins. With the continuing rise of prices, the firms that have not hedged their positions are undergoing losses in the market.The margin squeeze of coffee is compared to the surge in oil and grain prices which led to the collapse of most firms espec ially in 2008. Taback (78) shows the impact of this is being felt in smaller clubby coffee markets which have been left out when the commodity was at the boom stage. This affects the smaller local exporters who buy the beans from small farmers and sell them to big companies such as Folgers’ or Starbucks. The small amount of money got is usually not enough to maintain the position of these exporters in the market. The worry is in maintaining the position on exchange and what the position will be is not known.

Ethics, The, And Social Harm Essay - 787 Words

The researcher is acutely aware of himself or herself regarding sensitivity towards the respondent. Furthermore, concerning some unforeseen or unexpected mistakes those need attention. Followings are some of the required precautions to avoid some common ethics: â€Å"psychological, financial and social harm. Professional researchers always plan the research questions or the questionnaire to prevent any harassment† (Waller, 2011). The preparation of ethics is one of the prerequisites’ items before engaging in questionnaires, interviews, or surveys whether it is online or paper. In this respect, the researcher’s â€Å"To Do List† should include the importance of checking the prerequisites of these methods. To ensure that NO HARM is potential, the following are imperatives (Waller, 2011): i. The behavior is within the ethics acceptability provisional margin. ii. How research possibly affects any participant, whether during a survey, in-depth interview, the questionnaire or any similar iii. Protect all members engaged in research such as the instructor, the assistants on the methods, if any, and the researcher himself or herself. On this point, the form of ethics is essential before embarking on research or study. Other than these, the research will extensively use secondary data sources such as books, journals, periodicals, archives, the personal agenda of individuals, surveys, questionnaires, etc. The ethics within all these remain the responsibility of the researchers. SecondaryShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of A Social Worker Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesEthical dilemmas happen frequently in the social work and how one handles them could be the difference on how a clinician keeps their license or not. The problem is there is no way to prepare a person from knowing what situations will arise. Scenarios arise all the time and new ways to handle them is constantly changing. The ethical dilemma can happen anywhere and at any time with anyone, it could be a client, co-worker, and even supervisors. No social worker is safe from them. One however canRead MoreCase Analysis : Megan s Law1592 Words   |  7 Pagesout of prison there must be a decision made as to whether the prisonersâ€⠄¢ status should be disclosed to the community or not (Rothman, 2011). The social worker in this case has an ethical responsibility to the clients’ well-being as well as to as to the welfare of society. The social worker needs to make a decision that will have the least amount of harm caused to the individual and society. The dilemma in this case study is Commitment to Client versus Ethical Responsibility to Broader Society. GatheringRead MoreEthical Issues Of Social Work Practice1093 Words   |  5 PagesEthical issues in Social Work Practice. Our everyday interactions are underpinned by ethics. Social work in its sectors deals with people in multiple and complex situations. Social workers largely work with people who are affected by different life aspects such as ethnicity, disabilities and culture. The fundamental concern for social work is to understand how these aspects affect the individuals. Applying normative ethical theory processes of ethical analysis Virtue ethics concerned with theRead MoreIslamic and Catholic Views on Genetic Engineering1265 Words   |  6 Pageswell-being of the individual without doing harm to his integrity or worsening his conditions of life. Such an intervention would indeed fall within the logic of the Christian moral tradition.† (What is the Catholic view on genetic engineering? - Mary Meets Dolly. 12/ 05/ 2014.). So Gene Therapy, being a process solely aiming to heal genetic issues in human beings, is a technology which is desirable for our modern society. If a method can be produced, which causes no harm to the patient’s physical being andRead MoreDrug Addiction : Drugs And Heroin Addiction1130 Words   |  5 Pageswould create an automatic response because it is a craving, or a need, for functionality. On the other hand as Henden and Baeroe (2015) mentions, â€Å"those who maintain that consent given by heroin addicts can be valid† may just be unsound because of the social stigma involved with the heroin addiction. In regards, there is much research showing that â€Å"financial concerns, fear of arrest, values regarding parenthood and many other factors influencing decisions in general often persuade a person addicted toRead MoreEthics And Morals Of Social Work Practice1068 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Ethics and Morals of Social Work Practice. Our everyday interactions are underpinned by ethics. Social work in its sectors deals with people in multiple and complex situations. Social workers largely work with people that are affected by different life aspects such as ethnicity, disabilities and culture. The fundamental concern for social work is to understand how these aspects affect the individuals. Applying normative ethical theory, processes of ethical analysis. Virtue ethics concernedRead MoreThe Trials Of The Nuremberg1630 Words   |  7 PagesValues Conflict Paper - Nuremberg Trials The Nuremberg Doctors Trial of 1946 is the preeminent case recognizing the importance of medical ethics and human rights specifically about human research subjects. The defendants in the trials include Nazi leadership, physicians, and investigators prosecuted for conducting unethical and inhumane medical experiments on civilians and prisoners of war resulting in extreme pain, suffering, permanent injury and often death. The Nuremberg Code, borne of theseRead MoreThe Fight Against Hiv : It s A Bigger Battle Of The Mind1221 Words   |  5 Pagespsychological problems. This is where social workers and social groups come handy, to provide emotional, mental and moral support to people. In my opinion, the goal of a social worker is to promote human welfare and help all people, regardless of race, religion, gender and sexual orientation with emphasis on the needs and empowerment of those that need it the most. As a social worker my focus would be on an individual’s well-being in a personal as well as a social context. My primary job would be toRead MoreValues and Ethics That Influence Social Care1144 Words   |  5 PagesValues and ethics that influence Social Care Values can be defined as: â€Å"Emotionally charged beliefs that influence how we behave an which are influenced by a range of factors and experiences throughout our lives F.Sussex P.Scourfield (2004 The things, beliefs, ideas are peoples values as they consider them important and will defend if they feel they are being threatened. Things individuals value can either be tangible or non-tangible, tangible values would be actual items whereas non-tangibleRead More What Are Business Ethics? Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness ethics; what does it really mean? Some say it’s an oxymoron and the two words can’t exist together as a concept. These people will tell you that within business, there is no room for ethics and ethical behavior. Others will explain the need for businesses to practice good ethical and moral values within their company, and the importance of this to our society. For me, in the past, I honestly never gave the idea or term a second thought. Now after learning so much of business in our society

Marketing And Branding Strategy Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Marketing And Branding Strategy. Answer: Introduction With the increasing ramified economic changes and enhanced need of clients satisfaction, each and every organizations are coming up with different strategic plans in market.Marketing mix is one of the strategic plan which is used by organizations to increase the overall turnover of the market. In this report, an adamantine study has been done on the marketing mix and how organizations such as Sony, LG and G. E capital. In this report, study has been prepared on the marketing mix and other strategies used by Sony Corporation. These all are the international company which have been providing its services and products on domestic and international level with a view to increase clients satisfaction level. After that, PESTEL environmental factors have been taken into consideration which will be used by company to evaluate all the internal and external factors of the company. In the end of this, strategic recommendation and environmental strategies have been given which will be used to eva luate all the pros and cons of the study program for the business functioning of Sony. This report covers all the strategic viewpoints which Sony should evaluate before implementing its all the strategic planning process (Sony, 2013). Present view of Sony Company This company is a Japanese Multinational conglomerate corporation having headquarter in Konan, Minato and Tokyo. It has diversified business which includes consumer and professional electronic, gamming and high technology equipments. Vision The main vision of company is to become largest supplier of electronic equipment on international level. Mission It has mission to develop core competency by providing best quality services and products to clients around the globe (Sony, 2013). There are several strategic planning and marketing mix policies which are undertaken by the various big companies before offering its new products and services in market.Marketing strategies of Sony Company is based on managerial process by which individual and group obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and selling products and services in the market. However, the marketing objective of Sony Company is clearly describing the objective to make clients vigilant with its current offers. Sony has been employing variety of places for delivering its products and services to target clients in the market. Nonetheless, the marketing mix used by Sony Company provides the right price of the products, customization of products and services, clients interest and sustainability of the products. Ideally, with the help of marketing mix company could also evaluate the places and market in which it should implement its new products and services. It is evaluated that marketing mix of the Sony Company is accompanied with the following factors which are given as below. Company has used marketing mix program to encounter all the problems and mistakes in Australian market (Zhao, 2016). Price- It is evaluated that all the price of the products and equipment sold in the Australian market is based on the clients expectation and cost plus method. Sony Company believe in selling its products and services at the best cheapest price without compromising in the quality. As all the people in Australia are more inclined towards buying best quality products and services in market. However, the price of Sony products are kept high as compared to other rivals offering due to the costing of products and other legal factors. Company has focused to sell its products by including high quality with less price. Products- It is considered that all the products and services offered by Sony Company is high in quality and categorised as premium products. Management department of company believe in developing core competency in product differentiation strategies. All the products launch by company in the market is based on the innovation and creative process system developed by its research and development department. Australian market is more inclined towards buying innovative technical equipment from the market (Scott, 2015). Places- With the increasing complexity of business and market share, it is considered that company has been selling its products and services form various places such as Sony stores, Authorized sellers, cinemas and media networks and official website. Australian market is wide and open to all types of products. However, with the complexity of business and enhanced promotional channels, Sony Company has started to sell its products through online channels by creating portal and implementing enterprises resources planning. Moreover, online portals will increase the coverage of market share and allow clients in Australia to purchase companys products through online easy payment modes (Hollensen, 2015) People- Sony Corporation sells all types of products and services to all age groups people. However, the main target customers of company is Young people who are crazy about advanced electronic equipment. In addition to this, Sony company focus on maintain its core competency in music earplugs. People in Australia is more inclined towards buying extravagant and new technologies. If Sony focus on selling innovative products in market then it will surely increase the overall turnover in Australian market. In addition to this, the main impact of Sony Companys products would be that other companies will sell their products in same group mapping to clients at cheaper rate (Koubaa, Boudali, and Fort, 2015). If company wants to win over its other rivals while offering product in Australia then it should use its branding strategy and core competency in providing high quality products to clients (Lakeh, Riahi, and Rad, A.A., 2015). Physical evidences- The products and equipment offered by Sony Company in the market is having credible brand image. It is not only shorter in size but also effective in use. However, company has been coming up in the market with varieties of advance products and services. The brand image of Sony in market is already very high and many peoples just buy its products by considering companys image in their mind (Armstrong, et al. 2014). Promotion- Sony Company focuses on using cyber promotion methods which is implemented by company by using proper level of promotional plans such as Search engine optimisation, using of Social media and implementing advertisement on T.V. In addition to this, company should also indulged in implementing new search engine optimizations process which could increase the visibility of its newly developed products and services in Australian market. This is the newly developed methods which company could use to promote its products and services in Australian market. However, other rivals in market such as Toshiba, LG and MI are coming up with their other off line strategic promotional plans (Jeffery, et al. 2017). Process- Australian market and people living in Australia are more found of buying top level of electronic equipment. It is evaluated that the value chain activities of Sony company not only focus on providing best quality products but also other services centres believe in providing after sales services for the better resolving clients problems and mistakes. Sony Company needs to make changes in its existing value chain activities on the basis of clients demands and need in Australian market. However, people in Australian are more inclined towards having small technological equipment which they could keep in their pocket. This process is required to implement by the Sony Company if it wants to tap into Australian market with a view to increase its overall turnover (Baltes, 2016). This above given factors are considered by the Management department of Sony company to implement better strategic planning and introducing new products and services in Australian market (Babin and Zikmund, 2015). Marketing Mix strategies affected by PESTLE environmental factors PESTLE environmental factors provides all the associated internal and external factors which should be considered by company before implementing any strategic planning and marketing mix strategies. Political- Australian market is accompanied with stagnate political parties where government and political parties changes on only drastic factors. It is evaluated that Sony Company could formulate its marketing mix strategies in positive manner by considering that Australian economic and policies will be less flexible as compared to other countries (Lee, Kozlenkova, and Palmatier., 2015). Social- It put emphasis upon the values, belief, perception and other factors of clients. After considering various data from the market, it is evaluated that people in Australian is open minded and extravagant. Therefore, Sony Company while offering its products and services to clients in Australia, should be less worried about the prices. Company should focus on providing best quality in the market. In addition to this, if company feels that it has not provided its quality of work to Australian clients it will surely hamper its brand image in market. Social value, perception and people culture are the main base points which should be considered by Sony company while customization of its products and services in market. Environmental- It is evaluated that Australian market has technologies development and various rivals such as G E capital, Toshiba and LG are coming up in market with new advanced level products and services in market. Therefore, while deciding marketing mix, company should focus on environmental factors (Kova?evi?, Vu?emilovi?, and Ara?i?, 2015). Technologies- with the advanced development of technologies and peoples increasing inclination towards fast changing technologies, various companies are coming up with new advanced products and services in market. If Sony Company wants to penetrate the market with its new products and services then it should make innovation and creation in its electronic equipment through its research and development department (Khalili, 2014). Economical- The GDP growth rate of Australian is 8% which is tremendously showing positive factors. However, Sony Company should consider standard of living of people living in Australia, inflation rate and bank rate decided by the Central bank of Australia. These factors will reflects whether Sony Company should launch its products and services in Australian market or not (Armstrong, et al. 2015). Legal factors- These factors comprised of changes in laws, regulations and statues of the particular countries. However, In Australian economy, Sony Company cannot enter into strategic alliance with other partners with a view to eliminate competition form the market. In addition to this, tariff and tax rate of Australian country is also not liberal for the multinational companies. This factors reflects that if Sony Company wants to tap Australian market with its new products then it should consider various internal and external legal factor of Australian country (Siham, 2013). Companys view in terms of sustainability, business ethics and corporate social responsibilities Sony Company is an international company which has developed its core competency in selling music products and services at large. It has been observed that company has been complying with all the ethical and environmental factors at large. Sustainability of company is related to efficiency of company to deploy its resources. After implementation of PESTLE analysis and identifying marketing mix factors, it is evaluated that company has been using its all the resources in effective manner which not only increase its profit but also enhance the business functioning. In addition to this, people around the world consider music products sold by Sony Company high in quality and efficient. In terms of sustainability of company, it is evaluated that company has growth stage in its business functioning and selling unique and innovative products to its clients in market around the globe. In addition to this, Australian market is reflecting high amount of growth rate in electronic equipment busi ness. Sony Company could follow customized products and services to attract clients in market. Business ethics of company could also be measured with its systematic business practice and code of conducts (Kyaw, 2015).All the policies and business strategies followed by company is more clients oriented and complied with all the applicable rules and regulations. However, strategic alliance of company with other partners are also not for the cartel but indulged with a view to establish positive integration while supplying goods and services in Australia. As per the Australian laws and regulation, in order to discharge its corporate social responsibility, company has to comply with all the rules and regulations of corporation act 2001. Sony Company needs to contribute 2% of its average 5 years net profit in its corporate social responsibilities activities. However, the tariff and traits imposed on Sony Company is also not high which reflects that company could sell its products and serv ices in Australian economy at very cheaper rate. This reflects that if Sony Company wants to increase its market share with its newly developed innovated products and services then it should have effective corporate governance and business ethics in its business functioning (Djordjevi?, 2014). Branding of Sony Company Branding could be defined as quality or consideration of companys image in the eyes of clients. It is evaluated that Sony Company has been operating its music and other electronic equipment business around the globe. Therefore, company not only has domestic brand image but also international as well. However, clients perceived Sony Companys products high in quality and efficient in business due to its easy complex business functions. It is required by management department of Sony Company to provide best quality of services and electronic products to its clients for their increased level of satisfaction. However, the main impact which could be observed is related to durability of the Sonys products (Bakator, and Petrovi?, 2016). It is further observed that Sony Company could come up with effective strategic planning procedure which could be used by company while introducing new products and services in international market such as Australia, Brazil and China. However, residents in Australia have high purchasing power and more inclined toward buying new developed high technology equipment in market. It is evaluated that if clients are provided best quality of services throughout the time by the company then it will surely increase the overall effectiveness of company. Sony Company has core competency in providing the best quality of services and products to clients around all over the world. In addition to this, company has followed proper level of corporate social responsibilities and proper corporate governance program (Andersen and Simpson, 2015). This positive functioning of company will not only strengthen the companys business functioning but also create sustainable brand image in the eyes of clients at large. However, in Australian economy is reflecting positive business environment which allows business companies to sell its products and services at very low cost. In addition to this, the tariff and traits imposed by Australian government is very less which allows foreign companies to sell its products and services at very low cost to their clients. After evaluating available information on the Sony Company, it is analysed that if Sony Company maintain effective product quality and best products in market at very cheapest rate then it will increase the overall turnover and profit of company. Moreover, PESTLE analysis reflected that company has to make changes in its organizational policies and rules as per the clients requirement and needs (Akyol, 2015). For instance, clients in Australia are more found of small music equipment which are high in quality. If company could customized its products and music equipment in market then it will surely increase the clients satisfaction l evel and overall turnover of company. In the latest news published in broadsheet newspapers, it is observed that Sony Company has grasped 26% premium clients around the globe. However, with the increasing changes in the business of Australian market, if Sony Company wants to tap Australian market then it should sell newly innovative and creative music products. This product segment is niche for the premium products. As other organizations such as LG, Toshiba and Samsung are already selling music products at very cheaper rate but providing less quality music products which has less durability in the market. Sony company could create easily create brand image in clients mind who are living in Australia by creating core competency in high class durable quality music products (Jyothsna and Devi, 2014). Recommendation There are several factors which should be considered by Sony Company while tapping into Australian market. However, Australian economy is open economy which has liberal rules and regulations. It is further observed that the supply chain management of Sony Company focus on installing new cyber system and cloud based mechanism which will not only increased clients online experience but also increase overall productivity of organization. In addition to this, if company could install enterprises resources planning in its value chain activities then it will surely result to better quality and high level of quality experience in online shopping. This online developed portal will place Sony Company in unique position and also increase its overall market share in Australia and other markets as well. Now in the end, it could be inferred that Sony Company has strong brand image therefore, while introducing new innovative music product in Australia it will have to face low amount of problems an d competition. However, it is further observed that company should increase its hiring process and investment in Australian market. This market is very open and people in Australia are already more inclined to buy new innovative music products irrespective of their prices. The main problem which Sony Company would face from its newly introduced music products is related to rivals offering. If rivals such as Samsung, Toshiba and LG come up with advanced music products then it will hamper Sony Companys music product and also will diminish the brand image of company (Shafi, and Madhavaiah, 2013). Conclusion It is considered that if once Sony Company is beaten by other rivals in market either in terms of market share or quality of products then it will surely decrease the brand image in the eyes of clients on domestic and international level. In addition to this, if proper mechanism and systematic working channel is followed by Sony Company then it could easily achieve its set target and goals. However, the core intent of Sony Company is its branding. If company use this branding strategy in proper and determined approach while introducing its new products in Australian then it will surely increase its overall market share. References Akyol, S., 2015. Digital marketing in technological products.The Business Management Review,6(3), p.108. Andersen, P.C. and Simpson, P.M., 2015. Conceptualizing the Role of Media in Market Orientation. Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S. and Kotler, P., 2014.Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Bakator, M. and Petrovi?, N., 2016. Correlation between marketing strategy, product quality and promotion on the mobile devices market in Serbia.Journal of Engineering Management and Competitiveness (JEMC),6(2), pp.67-74. Baltes, L.P., 2016. Digital marketing mix specific to the IT Field.Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Economic Sciences. Series V,9(1), p.33. Djordjevi?, B., 2014. The importance of global marketing.MSET Journal,2(1), pp.116-124. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education Jeffery, M., Jeffery, M., Mishra, S. and Mishra, S., 2017. Sony-FIFA Partnership Marketing Program: The Value of Sponsorship.Kellogg School of Management Cases, pp.1-18. Jyothsna, M. and Devi, V.R., 2014. MARKETING PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IN A DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT.Prestige International Journal of Management and Research,7(2/1), p.46. Khalili, S., 2014. Going Global, Acting Local: Effects of Cultural Dimensions on Glocal Marketing in Malaysia.The International Technology Management Review,4(3), pp.142-157. Koubaa, Y., Boudali, R.M. and Fort, F., 2015.Multidimensional structures of brand and country images and their effect on product evaluation(No. hal-01506221). Kova?evi?, A.K., Vu?emilovi?, V. and Ara?i?, M., 2015, January. Smartphones positioning on Samsung example. InTEAM 2015 7th International Scientific and Expert Conference ot the Interantional TEAM Society 15/16th October, Belgrade, Serbia. Kyaw, Z.L.S., 2015. Elements of marketing mix related to physicians' choice of Alaxan drug (a study in the Pathein-Hinthada area, Myanmar). Lakeh, A.A., Riahi, H.R.M. and Rad, A.A., 2015. The impact of brand awareness, brand loyalty, brand associations, perceived quality and brand image on Sony brand products from the perspective of consumers.New York Science Journal,8(2), pp.7-14. Lee, J.Y., Kozlenkova, I.V. and Palmatier, R.W., 2015. Structural marketing: Using organizational structure to achieve marketing objectives.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,43(1), pp.73-99. Scott, D.M., 2015.The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons. Shafi, S.I. and Madhavaiah, C., 2013. Relationship between selected marketing mix elements and brand equity of mobile phone companies among Indian youth.i-Manager's Journal on Management,8(1), p.9. Siham, B., 2013. Marketing Mix-An Area of Unethical Practices?.British Journal of Marketing Studies,1(4), pp.20-28. Sonnier, G.P., 2013. Intern. J. of Research in Marketing. Sony, A.K., 2013. A study on cooperative marketing with reference of Chhattisgarh markfed limited.International Journal of Sales Marketing Management,3(1), pp.35-44. Zhao, R., 2016. Marketing mix of the music industry in the United States and South Korea.

Effectiveness of Magnesium Sulfate †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Magnesium Sulfate. Answer: Introduction Status asthmaticus is a severe form of prolonged asthma attack that makes people fail to respond to usual treatment methods. Asthma is a chronic lung disease where the respiratory airways become narrow and inflamed (Pawankar et al. 2012). The case study reports an incident of acute asthma attack on a patient Ms. Elise Wattle and he treatment upon admission to the emergency department. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with the lungs and the airways. It affects more than 300 million people worldwide, belonging to all age groups (Ferkol and Schraufnagel 2014). It develops due to inflammation and swelling of the airways that obstructs airflow and leads to the production of thick and sticky mucus from the airways. The muscles in and around the passage constrict and this in turn reduces the diameter of the airways (Niimi et al. 2013). The most common symptoms of asthma are shortness of breath, wheezing sounds, chest tightness and cough particularly during early morning or at night. These symptoms arise due to airflow obstruction that can be reversed if a patient is subjected to proper treatment. Environmental factors like exposure to several allergens like pollen, dust and dander from dogs and cats increase incidence of asthma. Other irritants that can cause asthma are exhaust fumes from automobiles, chemicals, molds, tobacco smoke, stress and medicat ions like beta blockers and aspirin (Bisgaard, Jensen and Bnnelykke 2012). Elises condition progressed to status asthmaticus. Such acute asthma attacks can occur when the symptoms worsen over time due to bronchospasm or muscle tightening around the airways (Papaiwannou et al. 2014). Thicker mucus will be secreted and the inner lining of the airways will get more inflamed. The symptoms of acute asthma attack are severe wheezing or squeaking sound, continuous coughing, rapid breathing, retractions or tightened chest and neck muscles, difficulty in conversing, anxiety or panic attacks, sweaty face and finger nails turning blue. Airflow limitation occurs due to bronchoconstriction, edema in the airways, hypersecretion of mucus and hyper-responsiveness in bronchi. The symptom related to problems in conversing is demonstrated by the fact that Elise was able to speak in sentences. However, her condition gradually worsened over time and she could barely speak short phrases. The wheezing symptoms are quite audible, which depicts the build-up of mucus in her bronchial tubes. During the acute asthmatic attack, the bronchial airways become smaller. This is responsible for the sounds that were heard when Elise spoke. The dyspnoeic symptoms observed in the patient are due to a deficit formed between breathing demands of her body and the ability of her respiratory system to fulfill the demands. Persistent cough may be the effect of constriction in her breathing tubes. Upon admission to the emergency department, Elise was kept at high Fowlers position to facilitate easy breathing and expansion of her chest cavity. This position allows optimal diaphragm expansion and reduces shortness of breath. However, Elise continued to cough and did not show any improvements. Her blood pressure was found to be 150/90 mm Hg, which indicated stage 1 hypertension (Hoeper et al. 2013). The normal blood pressure in an adult is 120/80 mm Hg. If the readings vary between 140/90-150/99, it signifies that the blood is flowing with a higher force inside the arteries. It can lead to dizziness and will make the patient at an increased risk on the spectrum of cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure), renal failure and vision impairment (Busse et al. 2012). Her pulse was found to be 126 bpm. This pulse rate is considered higher than the normal levels of 60-100 in an adult. Such elevated pulse rates are referred to as tachycardia. It occurs when the heart pumps blood at a faster rate that leads to inefficient circulation of blood to the body parts. When Elise experienced an acute asthmatic attack, there was deficiency of oxygen in her body cells. Her breathlessness made it difficult for the blood to receive enough oxygen. Thus, her heart started to pump rapidly in an effort to meet the oxygen demand and this gave rise to an increased pulse. Psychological factors may also be responsible for this increased pulse rate. An acute asthmatic attack often leads to panic and anxiety. That increases the heart rate and thereby elevates the pulse. Her respiration was shallow and 30. At rest the normal breathing rate in adults is 8-16 per minute. Elise exhibited a high respiratory rate, which is generally denoted by the term tachypnea. Minimal air was drawn into the lungs by the action of intercostal muscles. The asthmatic condition of the patient is the principal reason for this vital sign. Moreover, shortness of breath and rapid pulse elevated her respiration rate (Vestbo et al. 2013). Normal human body temperature is around 37C and Elise did not show much variation (37.3C). This is due to the fact that asthma generally does not lead to chills, fever and muscle ache. Her pulse oximeter readings were 92%. An oxygen saturation level beyond 95% is considered normal. A reduction in her oxygen levels suggested oxygen deficiency in her arterial blood, which occurred as a result of breathing difficulty. Elevated levels of IgE and eosinophils in sputum and blood tests revealed persistent allergy. Allergens are a major cause of asthma . Her high IgE levels indicated that she is exposed to more than one allergy. This proves that hypersensitivity to local allergens and increase in serum IgE are associated with her symptoms of asthmatic attack and wheezing. Several research studies show that an increase in the number of eosinophils, correlate with severity of asthmatic attacks (Korevaar et al. 2015). Eosinophils and neutrophils lead to cellular inflammation of the bronchi passages. When these white blood cells reach the airways, they release chemical contents that cause airway inflammation and blockage of the nasal passage and sinuses. Thus, the increased level of eosinophil in the patient triggered exposure to asthmatic symptoms. Her ABG results showed a pH of 7.49, which is more than the normal range of 7.35-7.45. Her pCO2 is 22 mg Hg ( normal range of 35-45 mm Hg). This suggests likely presence of alkalosis or alkalemia condition in her body due to probable reduction of concentration of hydrogen ions. Her condition suggests respiratory alkalosis that might have occurred due to hyperventilation and may lead to a loss of carbon dioxide. Moreover, the pO2 levels are found to be 74 mm Hg ( normal range of 80-100 mm Hg). This low pO2 level suggests that the lungs are not effective in pulling oxygen gas into the blood stream. This occurred due to her asthmatic attacks that are a form of chronic pulmonary disease. Her HCO3 levels were 22 mEq/L, which shows compliance with the normal range of 22-26 m Eq/L. This does not provide any evidence for the presence of primary metabolic disorders in her system. Normal blood sugar levels range between 4.0-6.0 mmol/L during fasting and upto 7.8 mmol/L, 2 hours post eating. Elises serum glucose levels were 5.0mmol/L, within the normal range that suggests she is non-diabetic. Her blood urea nitrogen levels are 6.2 mmol/L that falls in the normal range of 2.5-7.1 mol/L. Normal serum creatinine levels for women are 45-90 mol/L. Her creatinine levels fall in this range. Thus, it can be deciphered that her liver and kidneys are functioning properly (Brisco et al. 2013). The serum sodium and potassium levels were 136 mEg/L and 4.5 mEg/L that fall within the normal ranges of 135-145 mEg/L and 3.5-5.0 mEg/L respectively. Her normal sodium levels indicate that she is not suffering from hypernatremia or hyponatremia and has normal electrolyte balance in her body (Sahan et al. 2013). Potassium levels within normal range show that her muscles are working properly and there is no occurrence of hyperkalemia condition (Raimondi et al. 2013). Her RBC, WBC and platelet count falls within the normal range of 3.6-5.0 millio/mm3, 5000-10,000/mm3 and 200,000-500,000/mm3 respectively. Normal haematocrit level ranges from 34.9-44.5% for women. A count of 34.7% in Elise shows little deviation which is of little significance. The pulse oximeter reading of 85% provides evidence for supplemental oxygen needs. The pH reading of 7.32 suggests presence of acidosis. pCo2 level of 60 mm Hg indicates respiratory acidosis, which probably occurred due to hypoventilation caused by the asthmatic attacks (Ionescu 2013). For a 10 unit increase in pCO2, the amount of HCO3 rises by 4 mmol/L. Elises HCO3 level of 27 supports this fact. A low pO2 level of 55 mm Hg represents a reduction in the amount of oxygen levels in the inhaled air. It also supports the occurrence of severe pulmonary disease that leads to blockage of the respiratory airways. Abnormalities in lung functioning are detected by spirometry tests that use 2 measurements, FVC (forced vital capacity) and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume one second). The normal range of FEV1/FVC is equal to or more than 70%. A mild abnormali ty of 65% means that the patients lungs are unable to fill air to their normal capacity and are caused due to decrease in the airflow. This has occurred due to the presence of obstructive lung disease. 5 mg salbutamol is administered to the patient through a nebulizer owing to its bronchodilator properties. Salbutamol is a drug that stimulates the 2 adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscles of the bronchi. Upon stimulation, these receptors activate the adenyl cyclase enzyme to form cyclic AMP form ATP. Increased cyclic AMP leads to relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscles and reduces the blockage in airways (Patel et al. 2013). Furthermore, it leads to inhibition of histamine, mast cell and leukotreine release in the airways. Nasal prongs are used to deliver supplemental oxygen to Elise to increase the airflow in her lungs. It will help to deliver oxygen at a concentration of 22-50% flow rate for 1-6 L/min. Magnesium sulphate used in the nebulizer acts as an inhibitor of smooth muscle contraction and reduces the release of histamine and acetylcholine. It therefore functions as a bronchodilator, opens the airways and reduces inflammation of the respiratory passages (Torres et al. 2012). Dose of 500 mcg ipratropium bromide is given to control shortness of breath and wheezing symptoms reported by Elise. This is used in combination with salbutamol to reduce congestion of the respiratory tract and prevent further worsening of symptoms of obstructive pulmonary diseases (Short et al. 2013). Venturi mask was used to deliver specific oxygen concentration in her blood. A 6 hourly administration of hydrocortisone is administered based on its property of reducing inflammation of the bronchial tubes (Short et al. 2012). This is a systemic corticosteroid that controls narrowing of the airways and decreases the amount of mucus formed. Thus, breathing gets facilitated. Administration of adrenaline with 5% dextrose is followed based on their bronchodilator effects. Adrenaline reduces bronchospasms that opens the airways and allows better airflow through the lungs. It also reverses any kind of allergic reaction in the body that may have led to the development of asthma. IV drip of 5% dextrose is given to compensate for the excess loss of water from the lungs (Sellers 2012). Dextrose administration helps in augmenting fluid loss and reduces the tenacity and thickness of the sputum. It helps in adequate hydration of the patient and in restoring the electrolyte balance in the body (Albertson, Sutter and Chan 2015). If salbutamol exceeds the prescribed dose, it can lead to uneven heart beat, hypokalaemia (low potassium levels), muscle cramps, dryness of mouth, headache and dizziness. Potential side effects of magnesium sulphate include hypotension, flushing, anxiety, muscle tightness, dizziness and irregular heart beat (Vasquez et al. 2014). Side effects of ipratropium and hydrocortisone include sedation, dryness of mouth, skin flushing, nausea, glaucoma, tachycardia and palpitations (Coondoo et al. 2014). Administration of ipratropium through a nebulizer often leads to urinary retention among patients. Salbutamol can interact with other bronchodilators and show severe effects on the cardiovascular and nervous system. Dietary components that include caffeine can interact with salbutamol and cause excitability in the patient (Skidmore-Roth 2013). Interaction of the bronchodilators with grilled meat can lead to unmanageable asthmatic attacks. Conclusion Thus, from the above case study it can be deciphered that Elise Wattle suffered from an asthmatic attack following which she was admitted to the hospital. When her condition worsened, the ABG levels showed huge deviations from the normal values indicating that there was less supply of oxygen in her blood stream due to blockage of the airways. She was given proper medications of bronchodilators and her fluid balance was also restored. On reaching a stable condition, she was transferred to the ICU. Thus, it can be concluded that the medications worked well to relieve her asthmatic symptoms. References Albertson, T.E., Sutter, M.E. and Chan, A.L., 2015. The acute management of asthma.Clinical reviews in allergy immunology,48(1), pp.114-125. Bisgaard, H., Jensen, S.M. and Bnnelykke, K., 2012. Interaction between asthma and lung function growth in early life.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,185(11), pp.1183-1189. Brisco, M.A., Coca, S.G., Chen, J., Owens, A.T., McCauley, B.D., Kimmel, S.E. and Testani, J.M., 2013. The Blood Urea Nitrogen to Creatinine Ratio Identifies a High Risk but Potentially Reversible Form of Renal Dysfunction in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure.Circulation: Heart Failure, pp.CIRCHEARTFAILURE-112. Busse, W.W., Morgan, W.J., Taggart, V. and Togias, A., 2012. Asthma outcomes workshop: overview.Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,129(3), pp.S1-S8. Coondoo, A., Phiske, M., Verma, S. and Lahiri, K., 2014. Side-effects of topical steroids: A long overdue revisit.Indian dermatology online journal,5(4), p.416. Ferkol, T. and Schraufnagel, D., 2014. The global burden of respiratory disease.Annals of the American Thoracic Society,11(3), pp.404-406. Hoeper, M.M., Bogaard, H.J., Condliffe, R., Frantz, R., Khanna, D., Kurzyna, M., Langleben, D., Manes, A., Satoh, T., Torres, F. and Wilkins, M.R., 2013. Definitions and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,62(25 Supplement), pp.D42-D50. Ionescu, C.M., 2013. The human respiratory system. InThe Human Respiratory System(pp. 13-22). Springer London. Korevaar, D.A., Westerhof, G.A., Wang, J., Cohen, J.F., Spijker, R., Sterk, P.J., Bel, E.H. and Bossuyt, P.M., 2015. Diagnostic accuracy of minimally invasive markers for detection of airway eosinophilia in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet Respiratory Medicine,3(4), pp.290-300. Niimi, A., Ohbayashi, H., Sagara, H., Yamauchi, K., Akiyama, K., Takahashi, K., Inoue, H., Wakayama, T., Kobayashi, H., Hasegawa, M. and Kimura, G., 2013. Cough variant and cough-predominant asthma are major causes of persistent cough: a multicenter study in Japan.Journal of Asthma,50(9), pp.932-937. Papaiwannou, A., Zarogoulidis, P., Porpodis, K., Spyratos, D., Kioumis, I., Pitsiou, G., Pataka, A., Tsakiridis, K., Arikas, S., Mpakas, A. and Tsiouda, T., 2014. Asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (ACOS): current literature review.Journal of thoracic disease,6(Suppl 1), p.S146. Patel, M., Pilcher, J., Reddel, H.K., Pritchard, A., Corin, A., Helm, C., Tofield, C., Shaw, D., Black, P., Weatherall, M. and Beasley, R., 2013. Metrics of salbutamol use as predictors of future adverse outcomes in asthma.Clinical Experimental Allergy,43(10), pp.1144-1151. Pawankar, R., Canonica, G.W., Holgate, S.T. and Lockey, R.F., 2012. Allergic diseases and asthma: a major global health concern.Current opinion in allergy and clinical immunology,12(1), pp.39-41. Raimondi, G.A., Gonzalez, S., Zaltsman, J., Menga, G. and Adrogu, H.J., 2013. Acidbase patterns in acute severe asthma.Journal of asthma,50(10), pp.1062-1068. Sahan, M., Y?lmaz, M., Gokel, Y., Erden, E.S. and Karakus, A., 2013. Nebulized salbutamol for asthma: Effects on serum potassium and phosphate levels at the 60min.Revista portuguesa de pneumologia,19(5), pp.200-203. Sellers, W.F.S., 2012. Inhaled and intravenous treatment in acute severe and life-threatening asthma.British journal of anaesthesia,110(2), pp.183-190. Short, P.M., Williamson, P.A. and Lipworth, B.J., 2012. Effects of hydrocortisone on acute ?adrenoceptor blocker and histamine induced bronchoconstriction.British journal of clinical pharmacology,73(5), pp.717-726. Short, P.M., Williamson, P.A., Anderson, W.J. and Lipworth, B.J., 2013. Randomized placebo-controlled trial to evaluate chronic dosing effects of propranolol in asthma.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,187(12), pp.1308-1314. Skidmore-Roth, L., 2013.Mosby's 2014 nursing drug reference. Elsevier Health Sciences. Torres, S., Sticco, N., Bosch, J.J., Iolster, T., Siaba, A., Rocca, R.M. and Schnitzler, E., 2012. Effectiveness of magnesium sulfate as initial treatment of acute severe asthma in children, conducted in a tertiary-level university hospital: a randomized, controlled trial.Archivos argentinos de pediatria,110(4), pp.291-296. Vasquez, M.I., Lambrianides, A., Schneider, M., Kmmerer, K. and Fatta-Kassinos, D., 2014. Environmental side effects of pharmaceutical cocktails: what we know and what we should know.Journal of hazardous materials,279, pp.169-189. Vestbo, J., Hurd, S.S., Agust, A.G., Jones, P.W., Vogelmeier, C., Anzueto, A., Barnes, P.J., Fabbri, L.M., Martinez, F.J., Nishimura, M. and Stockley, R.A., 2013. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,187(4), pp.347-365.